Why Did the People Weep at the Reading of the Book of the Law?

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В некоторых странах смертная казнь считается мерой, без которой невозможно остановить распространение наркотиков, ликвидировать политический терроризм, экономическую кор­ рупцию или искоренить супружескую неверность. Однако нет никаких доказательств, что ее применение способно снизить уровень преступности или политического насилия. Смертную казнь часто используют как средство политических репрессий, а смертные приговоры выносятся и приводятся в исполнение произвольно.

Оправдывая смертную казнь, чаще всего говорят, что она необходима, по крайней мере временно, для блага общества.

Однако имеет ли государство право лишать человека жизни?

Смертная казнь — это предумышленное и хладнокровное убийство человека государством. Само существование этой меры наказания является попранием основных прав человека: меж­дународное право запрещает жестокие, негуманные или унижа­ющие человека наказания.

Многовековой опыт применения высшей меры наказания и научные исследования о взаимосвязи смертной казни и уровня преступности не дали убедительных доказательств, что смерт-

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Just English. Английский для юристом

Affiliate II. Crime and Penalty

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ная казнь способна эффективно защитить общество от преступности или способствовать правосудию. Ни одна система уголов­ной юстиции не доказала свою способность последовательно и справедливо решать, кто должен жить и кто — умереть. Некото­рым удается избежать смертной казни с помощью квалифици­ рованных защитников; другим — потому что их судят мягко­ сердечные судьи или присяжные; третьим помогают их полити­ческие связи или положение в обществе.

Существует определенный процент судебных ошибок, последствия которых особенно трагичны при приведении смертно­ го приговора в исполнение.

Task 5. Study the post-obit facts and arguments:

Financial Costs

The death penalty is not at present, nor has information technology ever been, a more than economical alternative to life imprisonment. A murder trial commonly takes much longer when the expiry penalty is at event than when information technology is non. Litigation costs — including the time of judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and court reporters, and the loftier costs of briefs — are all borne by the taxpayer.

Inevitability of Error

In 1975, only a year earlier the Supreme Courtroom affirmed the constitutionality of death penalty, two African-American men in Florida were released from prison later twelve years awaiting execution for the murder of two white men. Their convictions were the result of coerced confessions, erroneous testimony of an alleged bystander, and incompetent defense counsel. Though a white homo eventually admitted his guilt, a nine-year legal battle was required before the governor would grant them a pardon. Had their execution not been stayed while the constitutional condition of the death penalization was argued in the courts, these ii innocent men probably would non exist alive today.

Barbarity

The latest mode of inflicting the capital punishment, enacted into law by most two dozen American states, is lethal injection, first used in Texas in 1982. Information technology is easy to overstate the humaneness and efficacy of this method. There is no manner of knowing that it is really painless. Every bit the U.S. Court of Appeals observed, there is "substantial and uncontroverted testify ... that execution by lethal injection

poses a serious risk of cruel, protracted death.... Fifty-fifty a slight error in dosage or administration can leave a prisoner witting but paralysed while dying, a sentient witness of his or her own asphyxiation."

Deterrence

Gangland killings, air piracy, drive-by shootings, and kidnapping for ransom are among the graver felonies that go on to exist committed because some individuals think they are too clever to get caught. Political terrorism is usually committed in the name of an ideology that honors its martyrs; trying to cope with it by threatening terrorists with death penalty is futile.

Job 6. The post-obit key notes stand for the general ideas of the opponents of capital punishment. Employ the arguments and examples from Job five. Write down the complete text using these key notes and nowadays your text in form:

1. 
   We shouldn't exist blinded by emotional arguments: glorification
   of criminal on screen, etc., irrelevant.
   
2. 
   What are the facts? In United kingdom capital crime has non increased
   since suspension of capital punishment.
   
3. 
   This has been proved many times in the past: relaxation of
   harsh laws has never led to increase in law-breaking.
   
4. 
   Therefore the 'deterrent' argument is cool: capital
   punishment has never protected anyone.
   
5. 
   Those in favour of majuscule punishment are motivated only
   past desire for revenge and retaliation.
   
6. 
   There has been a marked trend in society towards the
   humane treatment of less fortunate members.
   
7. 
   Compare the treatment of the insane in the past with today.
   
8. 
   Hanging, electrical chairs, garroting, etc., are barbaric practices,
   unworthy of human beings.
   
9. 
   Intermission of uppercase punishment is enlightened and civilised.
   

10. 
    Death penalty creates, it does not solve, problems.
    
11. 
    Solution lies elsewhere: society is to blame.
    

10. 
    Overcrowding, slums, poverty, broken homes: these are the
    factors that lead to crime.
    
11. 
    Crime can only be drastically reduced by the elimination
    of social injustices — non by creating so-called 'deterrents'
    when the real issues remain unsolved.
    

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Just English language. Английский для юристов

DEBATE

There is no room for capital punishment in a civilised society.

Use the information and the vocabulary from the Unit to fence the statement to a higher place.

Affiliate HI LAW ENFORCEMENT

Affiliate III. Law Enforcement

Just English. Английский для юристов

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Unit of measurement ane. THE HISTORY OF Constabulary FORCES

BRAINSTORM

The word POLICE ways, generally, the arrangements made in all civilised countries to ensure that the inhabitants proceed the peace and obey the law. The word also denotes the force of peace officers (or police force) employed for this purpose.

Which of the following deportment tin exist performed by a Constabulary Officeholder? Sort out the odd words. Explain your choice.

to apprehend

to defend in courtroom

to captive

to detain

to imprison

to investigate

to lock up

to safeguard

to plead guilty

to search

to seize

to sentence

to take into custody

TASK 1. Read the text and translate the sentences given in bold type in writing:

From the History of Law Forces

Police is the agency of a community or authorities that is responsible for maintaining public order and preventing and detecting offense. The basic law mission — preserving club past enforcing rules of bear or laws — was the same in aboriginal societies as it is in the gimmicky sophisticated urban environments.

The conception of the constabulary strength equally a protective and police force enforcement organisation developed from the use of military bodies as guardians of the peace, such as the Praetorian Baby-sit — bodyguard of the ancient Roman emperors. The Romans achieved a loftier level of law enforcement, which remained in event until the reject of the empire and the onset of the Center Ages.

During the Middle Ages, policing authority was the responsibility of local nobles on their private estates. Each noble

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generally appointed an official, known as a constable, to carry out the law. The constable's duties included keeping the peace and absorbing and guarding criminals. For many decades constables were unpaid citizens who took turns at the task, which became increasingly burdensome and unpopular. By the mid-xvi^th century, wealthy citizens often resorted to paying deputies to presume their turns equally constables; every bit this practice became widespread, the quality of the constables declined drastically.

Police forces adult throughout the centuries, taking various forms. In France during the 17^thursday century Male monarch Louis XIV maintained a small central police organisation consisting of some xl inspectors who, with the assistance of numerous paid informants, .supplied the government with details about the bear of private individuals. The rex could and then practice the kind of justice he saw fit. This organisation continued during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI. After the French Revolution, two split police bodies were set up, one to handle ordinary duties and the other to deal with political crimes.

In 1663 the urban center of London began paying watchmen (generally one-time men who were unable to find other work) to guard the streets at night. Until the end of the 18^th century, the watchmen — as inefficient equally they were — along with a few-constables, remained the only form of policing in the metropolis.

The inability of watchmen and constables to adjourn lawlessness, particularly in London, led to a need for a more effective strength to deal with criminals and to protect the population. After much deliberation in Parliament, the British statesman Sir Robert Pare in 1829 established the London Metropolitan Law, which became the globe's starting time modern organised police force.

The forcefulness was guided by the concept of criminal offense prevention as a primary constabulary objective; it also embodied the belief that such a strength should depend on the consent and cooperation of the public, and the idea that law constables were to be ceremonious and courteous to the people. The Metropolitan Police was well organised and disciplined and, subsequently an initial period of public skepticism, became the model for other police forces in Great Uk. Several years later the Royal Irish Constabulary was formed, and Australia, Bharat, and Canada presently established similar organizations. Other countries followed, impressed by the success of the programme, until nations throughout the world had adopted police systems based on the British model. The evolution of the British constabulary arrangement is specially significant considering the pattern

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Just English language. Английский для юристов

Affiliate III. Law Enforcement

71

that emerged had great influence on the style of policing in almost all industrial societies.

In the U.Southward., the showtime total-time organised police departments were formed in New York Metropolis in 1845 and shortly thereafter in Boston, non only in response to criminal offence but likewise to control unrest. The American law adopted many British methods, but at times they became involved in local politics. The British police, on the other hand, accept traditionally depended on loyalty to the constabulary, rather than to elected public officials, as the source of their authorisation and independence.

TASK ii. Answer the following questions:

1. 
   What is the basic law mission?
   
2. 
   How did the police force equally constabulary enforcement organization
   arise and develop?
   
3. 
   Why did the quality of the constables in England decline?
   
4. 
   How were policing functions performed in France?
   
5. 
   What was the form of policing London in the 17^thursday century?
   
6. 
   Why was there a need for a more effective force to deal
   with criminals in England?
   
7. 
   What factors brought almost the establishment of the
   Metropolitan Police Force?
   
8. 
   What principles were the British constabulary guided by?
   
9. 
   Why did the Metropolitan Police Strength become the model
   for other police force forces in Britain and abroad?
   

10. Why is the evolution of the British police system
peculiarly meaning?

Task 3. Notice in the text to a higher place the English language equivalents for the following words and expressions:

8. 
   раскрывать преступления
   
9. 
   сдерживать рост
   преступности
   

10. 
    следить за соблюдением
    законов
    
11. 
    постоянно действующая
    организация
    
12. 
    полицейские структуры
    
13. 
    обеспечение правопорядка
    
14. 
    блюститель порядка
    

1. 
   дебаты в парламенте
   
2. 
   обеспечивать соблюдение
   правил поведения
   
3. 
   основная задача
   полиции (two)
   
4. 
   оставаться в силе
   
5. 
   платный осведомитель
   
6. 
   нести полицейскую службу
   
7. 
   предупреждение
   преступности
   

TASK four. Find in the texts in a higher place the expressions containing the words 'constabulary' and 'lodge'. Continue the following lists. Add more expressions using a dictionary:

to maintain public order

to enforce laws

UNIT two. THE Organisation OF POLICE FORCES

The British Police

The British police force officer is a well-known figure to anyone who has visited United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland or who has seen British films. Policeme^ are to be seen in towns and cities keeping law and order, either walking in pairs down the streets ("walking the beat") or driving peculiarly marked police cars. Once known as 'panda cars' because of their distinctive markings, these are at present oftentimes jokingly referred to as 'jam sandwiches' considering of the pink fluorescent stripe running horizontally effectually the bodywork. In the past, policemen were ofttimes known as 'bobbies' subsequently Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the police force. Nowadays, mutual nicknames include 'the cops', 'the fuzz', 'the pigs', and 'the Sometime Bill' (particularly in London). Few people realise, even so, that the law in Britain are organised very differently from many other countries.

Nigh countries, for example, take a national police strength which is controlled by cardinal Government. Britain has no national police force, although police policy is governed by the central Regime's Home Function. Instead, there is a divide constabulary for each of 52 areas into which the country is divided. Each has a constabulary authority — a committee of local county councillors and magistrates.

The forces co-operate with each other, just it is unusual for members of one force to operate in another'southward area unless they are asked to give assistance. This sometimes happens when there has been a very serious crime. A Chief Constable (the most senior police officer of a force) may sometimes ask for the assistance of London's law force, based at New Scotland Yard — known simply as 'the Yard'.

In most countries the law acquit guns. In Britain, however, this is extremely unusual. Policemen do not, as a rule, acquit firearms in their twenty-four hour period-to-day work, though certain specialist units

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Just English. Английский для юристов

Chapter III. Law Enforcement

73

are trained to do so and can be called upon to assist the regular police force strength in situations where firearms are involved, e.thou. terrorist incidents, armed robberies etc. The only policemen who routinely carry weapons are those assigned to baby-sit politicians and diplomats, or special officers who patrol airports.

In certain circumstances specially trained constabulary officers can be armed, only only with the signed permission of a magistrate.

All members of the police force must have gained a sure level of academic qualifications at school and undergone a period of intensive training. Like in the ground forces, in that location are a number of ranks: subsequently the Chief Constable comes the Banana Chief Constable, Chief Superintendent, Chief Inspector, Inspector, Sergeant and Constable. Women make upwardly nigh 10 per cent of the police force. The police are helped by a number of Special Constables — members of the public who work for the law voluntarily for a few hours a week.

Each law force has its ain Criminal Investigation Section (CID). Members of CIDs are detectives, and they do not wear uniforms. (The other uniformed people y'all encounter in British towns are traffic wardens. Their chore is to brand sure that drivers obey the parking regulations. They have no other powers — it is the police who are responsible for controlling offences like speeding, careless driving and drunken driving.)

The duties of the constabulary are varied, ranging from assisting at accidents to safeguarding public order and dealing with lost belongings. One of their main functions is, of grade, apprehending criminals and would-be criminals.

TASK one. Answer the post-obit questions: >

1. 
   Who was the founder of the British police?
   
2. 
   What does "walking the beat" mean?
   
3. 
   Why are British constabulary cars called 'jamsandwich' cars in
   colloquial speech communication?
   
4. 
   Is at that place a single police strength, organised by cardinal
   government?
   
5. 
   What is the major difference in police organization betwixt
   Britain and some other countries?
   
6. 
   When do British police force forces co-operate with each other?
   
7. 
   What is the name of London'southward police headquarters?
   
8. 
   In what situations can policemen carry artillery?
   
9. 
   What are the ranks of policemen?
   

10. 
    What is the task of CID officers?
    
11. 
    What are the duties of traffic wardens?
    

Chore 2. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the appropriate words and expressions from the previous text:

In Great britain different areas have different

case, the Metropolitan police operate in London, but there are different police forces in the counties outside London.

The pinnacle man in each police force is . He is

appointed past the local Lookout Commission which is a

of the local authorities. The Picket Commission can dismiss him,
also, if the fundamental government agrees. The Chief Lawman
appoints all the beneath him in his force.

Things are slightly different in London. The elevation man is known equally the Metropolitan Police force Commissioner and his appointment is arranged through the central authorities.

British police are commonly not . In special cases,

when their work becomes dangerous, they can be given
all the same.

As is well known, the of the British policeman

is blue, with a tall helmet. These days, though, you lot can see a unlike uniform in the streets. This is the uniform with the

xanthous hatband worn by . Their job is simply to control

traffic and .

The about famous proper noun connected with the British police is It is the headquarters of the London police force.

Also dealing with local law matters, the London police too help all over England and Wales with difficult crimes. They do this at the request of the local police.

Chore 3. Render the following text into English using the information and vocabulary from the texts above:

В Великобритании существует 52 полицейских подразде­ления: 43 в Англии и Уэльсе, 8 в Шотландии и ane в Северной Ирландии. Столичная полиция и Полиция лондонского Сити отвечают за охрану общественного порядка в Лондоне. Кроме того, специальное подразделение транспортной полиции пат­рулирует железнодорожную сеть, а также метро Лондона.

Полицейская служба финансируется центральным прави­тельством и местными властями. Каждое полицейское подраз­деление имеет своих специальных констеблей-добровольцев, которые работают в полиции в свободное время и помогают кадровым офицерам полиции, причем их работа не оплачива­ется. Они являются своеобразным связующим звеном между полицией и населением.

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